Country Timelines

[Wilhelm von Preußen]

Austria:

1815-1848
- This was the age of Metternich. The Industrial revolution was beginning and it was a time of boom and bust economies. There was a rise in social problems and also a rise in the desire for popular government participation. Nationalism also began to become apparent.

1817
- The Wartburg Festival. A German student protest against the conservative government.

1819
- August Von Kotzebue, a conservative playwright, was assassinated.
- The German confederacy adopted the Carlsbad Decrees, which put strict control on German and Austrian universities.

1820
- European Congress met at Troppau

1820's
- First sustained industrial development.

1821
- European Congress met at Laibach
- Austrian troops supressed uprisings in Naples and Piedmont

1822
- European Congress met at Verona
- The British withdrew from the Concert of Europe, which weakened Metternich's control.

1826
- Count Von Kolowrat appointed Minister of State. Metternich's power begins to decline.

1830
- The French Revolution; weakened Metternich's control.

1831
- Austrian troops supressed uprisings in Parma, Modena, and Papal states.

1835
- Francis died, his son, Ferdinand assumed emperorship. A "state conference" was made to rule the monarchy.

1836
- Steam railroad going north from Vienna began.

1840's
- Austrian production skyrocketing, formation of the railroad and water transportation began.

Mid 1840's
- Many harvest failures, coupled with conservative policies, and increased desire for freedom, increased participation in the government and increased nationalism, started a revolution.

1848
- Final abolition of serfdom.
- European-wide revolution.Revolution in Austria. There were three parts to the revolution: Social, democratic-liberal, and national. The national aspect was the most important outside of Vienna.
- March 13th: A demonstration was held for freedoms and liberation.
- October: The Hapsburgs retook Vienna and executed the radical leaders.

1849
- May: Hapsburgs and the government fled to Vienna
- April: A constitution was issued, and the people elected a legislature.
- June: The legislature met and opted for a more democratic constitution.
- Sept.: There was fighting between Austria and Hungary.
- Sept.: The Hungarian army surrendered. Austria got help from Russia and gained new land under Austrian rule.
- Dec 30th: Divided into Upper Austria, officially Archduchy of Austria above the Enns, and Lower Austria, officially Archduchy of Austria below the Enns

1850
- Vienna made a self- governing country.

1866
- 20 Jun - 24 Aug: Austria a Member of the German Confederation
- 23 Aug: Cedes Venetia to France (which cedes it to Italy)

1918
- 17 Oct: Independence of Hungary
- 28 Oct: Independence of the Czechoslovak State
- 11 Nov: End of Habsburg dynastic rule
- 12 Nov: Republic of German-Austria

1919
-10 Sep: Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye
Austria recognizes independence of Hungary, Czechoslovakia (Bohemia and Moravia), Poland, and the Yugoslav state; cedes Carniola (Slovenia), Dalmatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina and parts of Styria to the Yugoslav state; Bukovina is ceded to Romania; Eastern Galicia and Cracow ceded to Poland; Southern Tyrol, Trient, Görz (Gorizia), Istria, and Triest ceded to Italy; and Austria is forbidden from union with Germany (also Sopron ceded to Hungary and southern Carinthia remains Austrian after plebiscites are held [treaty enters into force 16 Jul 1920])
- 21 Oct: Republic of Austria

1934
- 1 Jul: Federal State of Austria

1938
- 13 Mar: Annexed to Germany

1939
- 14 Mar - 1 May: German state of Ostmark (as the state of Ostmark, which is dissolved into Reichsgaue 1 May 1939)

1945
- 8 Apr: Soviet forces being occupation Austria.
- 27 Apr: Republic of Austria
- 13 May: Vienna surrenders (under four power occupation 1945-55)
- Jul: Joint allied occupation begins.
- 11 Sep: Allied control council formed.

1955
- 15 May: Allied occupation ends, Austrian sovereignty restored

[Carl the Great]

France:

1815
- Second Treaty of Paris: restores Frances boundaries like that of those in 1790

1818
- Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle: France joins the four Great Powers in a Quintuple Alliance

1824
- Charles X becomes King of France until 1830

1827
- Treaty of London: Britain, Russia, and France guarantee Greek Independence

1830
- Louis Philippe becomes new King of France until 1848
- Britain and France guarantee Belgium independence

1848
- Revolution in Paris: Louis Philippe comes down from his throne
- 24 Feb: French Republic ("Second Republic")
- The Second Republic begins with Louis Napoleon in France
- Milan, Naples, Venice, and Rome suppressed by Revolutions within a year

1852
- 2 Dec: Louis Napoleon sets up Second Empire as Napoleon III, Emperor of the French

1854
- The Crimean War: Britain, France, and Turkey against Russia; lasted until 1856.

1870
- 2 Sep: Northern France occupied by Prussia

1871
- 17 Feb: French Republic ("Third Republic")
- 28 Mar - 28 May: Paris Commune declared in revolt
- 10 May: Alsace-Lorraine annexed to Germany

1873
- 16 Sep: End of Occupation of Northern France by Germany

1918
- 24 Aug - 11 Nov: German occupation of parts of northeastern France
- 21 Nov: Alsace-Lorraine back to France

1940
- 10 Jun: France under German occupation (Nord and Pas de Calais administered from Belgium)
- 15 Jun: Alsace-Lorraine annexed to Germany; Italian occupation zone in southern France
- 11 Jul: French State (État Français) in unoccupied southern France (know as "Vichy" France after its capital); Free French in exile under de Gaulle in opposition

1942
- 11 Nov: Vichy France occupied by Germany
- 12 Nov: Savoy, Nice, and Corsica annexed to Italy

1943
- 8 Sep: Italian occupation zone goes to Germany
- 31 Jul: Free Savoy, Nice and Corsica

1944
- 3 Jun: French "Third Republic"
- 20 Aug: End of German Vichy-occupation
- 3 Sep: End of German occupation

1945
- 20 Mar: Alsace-Lorraine back to France

1947
- 16 Jan: "Fourth Republic"

[Carl the Great]

Prussia:

1815
- Congress of Veinna, Prussia gets part of Poland, Saxony, and the Rhineland. The Rhineland is important to the Prussian industrial revolution because of itÌs coal and iron deposits.

1834
- Jan. 1st: Zollverein formed by king Frederick William III in order to eliminate trade tariffs between the German states.

1840
- King Frederick William the IV takes the throne after his fatherÌs death. Frederick William the IV is known as a liberal king.

1840's
- Prussia begins industrial revolution, and they begin to build railroads like crazy. The amount of building and free trade is do the Zollverein and the huge amounts of raw materials in the Rhineland.

1844
- Assasination attempt on king Frederick William IV.

1848
- Outbreak of revolutions in the German states. They are granted more a liberal government. King Frederick William IV refuses to be the emperor of a united Germany.

1849
- Revolution falls apart. German Diet formed in Berlin.

1850
- Treaty sign with Denmark.

[Carl the Great]

Germany

1815
- 20 Jun: German Confederation

1848
- 12 Jul: German Empire

1849
- 20 Dec: End of German Empire

1866
- 24 Aug: End of German Confederation

1867
- 1 Jul: North German Confederation

1871
- 1 Jan: End of North German Confederation; German Empire ("Second" Reich)
- 18 Jan: Alsace-Lorraine annexed from France

1918
- 11 Nov: Alsace-Lorraine back to France
- 1 Dec: Allied occupation of the Rhineland

1919
- 28 Jun: Treaty of Versailles
- 14 Aug: Germany a republic (style German Reich not officially abandoned) "Weimar Republic"

1930
- 30 Jun: End of Allied occupation of the Rhineland

1934
- 2 Aug: "Third Reich"

1938
- 13 Mar: Austria annexed
- 21 Oct: Sudetenland annexed from Czechoslovakia

1939
- 10 Jul: Styled Greater German Reich (Grossdeutches Reich) only widely used from 1942
- 1 Sep: Danzig annexed; West Prussia, Wartheland (Posen), and Upper Silesia annexed from Poland

1940
- 15 Jun: Alsace-Lorraine annexed

1945
- 20 Mar: End of the Annexation of Alsace Lorraine
- 2 Apr: End of the Annexation of Danzig, West Prussia, Wartheland (Posen) and Upper Silesia
- 27 Apr: End of the Annexation of Austrian
- 6 May: End of the Annexation of the Sudetenland
- 8 May: End of the "Third Reich"
- 23 May: Allied occupation
- 5 Jun: Allies assuming supreme power
- 1 Aug: Pomerania and Silesia east of the Oder River annexed to Poland
- 17 Oct: Soviet Union annexes northern East Prussia (Königsberg)
- 26 Dec: Posen and southern East Prussia annexed to Poland

1949
- 7 Sep: Federal Republic of Germany
- 7 Oct:Soviet backed German Democratic Republic (GDR) ("East Germany") formed in the east