Governments + sub categories
Verfasst: Di 11.03.2003, 17:31
Governments:
Absolute Monarchy
An autocrat leader governs detached (absolutus = lat. detached) from control and/or say of a condition meeting (e.g. the general conditions in France); The ruler governs from God grace.
Constitutional Monarchy
A constitutional monarchy is a system of government, in which the ruler does not switch anymore freely between all powers. His power is legitimized with conditions by a noble and civil meeting: The king had to reign under conditions (constitution). The transformation of absolute monarchies into constitutional monarchies was usually done via noble/civil revolts. Thus the power of the monarch was reduced.
Parliamentary monarchy
The ruler is just a represantative leader. Head of government is e.g. a chancellor or a prime minister. General, eval and secret right to vote.
Republic
State without a leader at the top. Head of state is normally a president.
Democracy
Against the literal meaning of the term 'democracy' failed all attempts to integrate the people directly in the regime. Basis of most western industrial countries is the civil-parliamentary democracy. It was developed in the fight against the feudalism. After the penetration of the general, equal and secret right to vote the people have the possibility of an indirect political intervention: They vote for a representative for the parliament. The voted representatives form the parliament, which votes the government. The main identification of democracy is the possibility to change the government/parliament without bloody fights, i.e. a change of power according to rules.
Dictatorship/Fascism
political movement/ tate order where the " Führer ", a dictator (dictatorship) demands unconditional obedience. If necessary the obedience of the people is forced. Security and order are more important than each progress. Characteristics of a fascist regime are: Great believe in the authoritian system without reasonable and content reason, intolerance against other-thinking people.
Fascism itsself developed in germany during the Weimar time on the discontent of the poor small-class people and established connections to the large-scale industry.
Communism
according to the theory of Marx final stage of the social development. There wont be anymore class societies. The production will be transfered into common property.
Sub categories
Police State
People will lose freedom, will be totally controlled by the state.
Enlightenment(aufklärung)
Mental movement of the 18th century. Consequences are e.g. new state-theories (John curl; Montesquie; Rousseau); Religion criticism (Lessing, Voltaire, Diderot, etc..); powerful uprise of the natural science; paedagogic rise and early woman emancipation. The enlightenment creates the mental conditions for the bridge of the absolutism to the modern democracy.
Protectionism
State protects the home economy by tariff walls as in the mercantilism or by coinage measures.
Mercantilism
Economic system from the time of the absolutism with the goal of increased public revenues for the court and army. Characteristics and principles: Import of cheap raw materials from colonies with own ships; Export of finished goods; Production of finished goods in manufactures; Tariff walls against import of finished goods; active commercial balance sheet; uniform domestic market; Intervene the state in the economy. State appears also as a buisnessman.
Federalism
If several states form a "Federal State" or a "confederation of states" its called federalism. Every state got certain power.
IMP: NOT A SUB-CATEGORIE
centralism
As a unit state governed from a center; the governnment-level of the Federal States doesnt exist anymore. E.g.: France with the center Paris.
NOT SURE ABOUT THAT!
Liberalism
in the 18. and 19. Century developed 'society-form'. Progress for each indivduum means in liberalism: end of dependency from national, church and society with the full risk on the individuum.
In liberalism theres a direction of freedom and progress against too heavy bureaucracy, global prejudices and national restrictions.
Conservatism
The conservatism regards the state as something individual, organically growing, which cant be change by e.g. liberalism ideas. Reforms yes, but very slowly and they shouldnt break the old life-style(Family, religion, tradition as important terms). In the 19. century conservatism was the opposite of enlightenment, rationalism and liberalism. Orientation to a light-modern absolutism.
Nationalism
in nationalism the value of the own nation gets unnatural high. its often the indication to divert from internal conflicts . The Germans released in follow of nationalism french reforms and progressive ideas . The price for their strengthened national feeling was thus high.
Values for nation language, history and culture gets dangerously high in nationalism.
Militarism
If the military and/or military forms controls every people`s thinking its called militarism. The militarism is inclined to aggressive foreign policy. very strong military, fast military reforms.
Imperialism
Building a big empire. Foreign societies should be made dependently, either indirectly with economical and political measures or directly as colony. Aggressive foreign policy combinated with extreme nationalism. Very agressive fought about raw materials, economics and military influence. in addition very agressive foreign policy
Colonialism
policy concentrated on colonie. Colonies will be occupied by military forces of the "mothercountry". The cultural influence of the motherland changes the culture in the colony. Economic exhaustion. Settlements of own colonists.
Some clonies are just trade settlements under the flag of the motherland.
Capitalism
text needed
Socialism
Collective meaning for all society models against capitalism. Production for all.
Industrialism
The transition from the production of goods by craftsmanship to production by machinery. The place of production is shifted from the family to the factory, from rural to urban centers. Due to this change, a new altitude towards work evolved: In the former form of production, every craftsman could review all aspects of the productio process, while in an industial factory the common worker handling the machinery only had few tasks and never got to see the finished product. Historically, the industrialisation evolved only through the connection of the capitalistic interest of the middle classes with the developing technical sciences.
Absolute Monarchy
An autocrat leader governs detached (absolutus = lat. detached) from control and/or say of a condition meeting (e.g. the general conditions in France); The ruler governs from God grace.
Constitutional Monarchy
A constitutional monarchy is a system of government, in which the ruler does not switch anymore freely between all powers. His power is legitimized with conditions by a noble and civil meeting: The king had to reign under conditions (constitution). The transformation of absolute monarchies into constitutional monarchies was usually done via noble/civil revolts. Thus the power of the monarch was reduced.
Parliamentary monarchy
The ruler is just a represantative leader. Head of government is e.g. a chancellor or a prime minister. General, eval and secret right to vote.
Republic
State without a leader at the top. Head of state is normally a president.
Democracy
Against the literal meaning of the term 'democracy' failed all attempts to integrate the people directly in the regime. Basis of most western industrial countries is the civil-parliamentary democracy. It was developed in the fight against the feudalism. After the penetration of the general, equal and secret right to vote the people have the possibility of an indirect political intervention: They vote for a representative for the parliament. The voted representatives form the parliament, which votes the government. The main identification of democracy is the possibility to change the government/parliament without bloody fights, i.e. a change of power according to rules.
Dictatorship/Fascism
political movement/ tate order where the " Führer ", a dictator (dictatorship) demands unconditional obedience. If necessary the obedience of the people is forced. Security and order are more important than each progress. Characteristics of a fascist regime are: Great believe in the authoritian system without reasonable and content reason, intolerance against other-thinking people.
Fascism itsself developed in germany during the Weimar time on the discontent of the poor small-class people and established connections to the large-scale industry.
Communism
according to the theory of Marx final stage of the social development. There wont be anymore class societies. The production will be transfered into common property.
Sub categories
Police State
People will lose freedom, will be totally controlled by the state.
Enlightenment(aufklärung)
Mental movement of the 18th century. Consequences are e.g. new state-theories (John curl; Montesquie; Rousseau); Religion criticism (Lessing, Voltaire, Diderot, etc..); powerful uprise of the natural science; paedagogic rise and early woman emancipation. The enlightenment creates the mental conditions for the bridge of the absolutism to the modern democracy.
Protectionism
State protects the home economy by tariff walls as in the mercantilism or by coinage measures.
Mercantilism
Economic system from the time of the absolutism with the goal of increased public revenues for the court and army. Characteristics and principles: Import of cheap raw materials from colonies with own ships; Export of finished goods; Production of finished goods in manufactures; Tariff walls against import of finished goods; active commercial balance sheet; uniform domestic market; Intervene the state in the economy. State appears also as a buisnessman.
Federalism
If several states form a "Federal State" or a "confederation of states" its called federalism. Every state got certain power.
IMP: NOT A SUB-CATEGORIE
centralism
As a unit state governed from a center; the governnment-level of the Federal States doesnt exist anymore. E.g.: France with the center Paris.
NOT SURE ABOUT THAT!
Liberalism
in the 18. and 19. Century developed 'society-form'. Progress for each indivduum means in liberalism: end of dependency from national, church and society with the full risk on the individuum.
In liberalism theres a direction of freedom and progress against too heavy bureaucracy, global prejudices and national restrictions.
Conservatism
The conservatism regards the state as something individual, organically growing, which cant be change by e.g. liberalism ideas. Reforms yes, but very slowly and they shouldnt break the old life-style(Family, religion, tradition as important terms). In the 19. century conservatism was the opposite of enlightenment, rationalism and liberalism. Orientation to a light-modern absolutism.
Nationalism
in nationalism the value of the own nation gets unnatural high. its often the indication to divert from internal conflicts . The Germans released in follow of nationalism french reforms and progressive ideas . The price for their strengthened national feeling was thus high.
Values for nation language, history and culture gets dangerously high in nationalism.
Militarism
If the military and/or military forms controls every people`s thinking its called militarism. The militarism is inclined to aggressive foreign policy. very strong military, fast military reforms.
Imperialism
Building a big empire. Foreign societies should be made dependently, either indirectly with economical and political measures or directly as colony. Aggressive foreign policy combinated with extreme nationalism. Very agressive fought about raw materials, economics and military influence. in addition very agressive foreign policy
Colonialism
policy concentrated on colonie. Colonies will be occupied by military forces of the "mothercountry". The cultural influence of the motherland changes the culture in the colony. Economic exhaustion. Settlements of own colonists.
Some clonies are just trade settlements under the flag of the motherland.
Capitalism
text needed
Socialism
Collective meaning for all society models against capitalism. Production for all.
Industrialism
The transition from the production of goods by craftsmanship to production by machinery. The place of production is shifted from the family to the factory, from rural to urban centers. Due to this change, a new altitude towards work evolved: In the former form of production, every craftsman could review all aspects of the productio process, while in an industial factory the common worker handling the machinery only had few tasks and never got to see the finished product. Historically, the industrialisation evolved only through the connection of the capitalistic interest of the middle classes with the developing technical sciences.